成都平原不同作物种植模式生产效率及其影响因素研究—以成都市郫都区为例

为研究成都平原不同种植模式的农田生产效率,基于2017年对成都市郫都区13个乡镇92户农户调查数据,运用DEA-Tobit模型分析了郫都区主要的水旱轮作和旱作种植模式的农田经营效率及影响因素。研究结果表明：不同种植模式平均农田生产效率为0.793,不同模式农田生产效率排序依次为蔬菜连作或轮作(0.957)、水稻-大蒜(0.847)、水稻-油菜(0.782)、韭菜连作(0.759)、水稻-蔬菜(0.722)、水稻-圆根萝卜(0.689),农田生产效率未达到有效值1的原因主要是规模效益较低;同时,各模式均存在资金和劳动力投入冗余,水稻-蔬菜、水稻-油菜模式还存在产出不足问题;影响6种模式生产效率的因素均不相同,政策因素对农田生产效率的影响相对较大。为进一步提高郫都区农田生产效率,建议适度推广农田规模化经营,加强农村富余劳动力转移,完善各类农业政策措施。     

Changes in wettability of wood surface using electron beam irradiation

ABSTRACT

This study deals with the influence of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the wettability of Norway spruce surface samples. To evaluate this possible effect in detail, the changes in chemistry and wood structure were analysed using the methods of IR spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The surface wettability was determined by the contact angle measurement method. The results of infrared spectra show decreased relative numbers of available hydrophilic groups (e.g. hydroxyl and carbonyl groups) in the wood surfaces due to the electron beam irradiation. This behaviour is consistent with the values from the surface wettability measurements. Structural differences of the wood surfaces after electron beam irradiation were not detectable. Based on these findings pre-treatment of wood surfaces for industrial usages can be a potential field of application of this technology.     

具有解析式位置正解的2T1R并联机构运动性能分析

求解具有解析式位置正解且部分运动解耦的并联机构,有利于后续的误差分析、动力学分析、运动轨迹规划与控制等。基于方位特征方程(POC)的并联机构设计理论与方法,设计了两种具有解析式位置正解且部分运动解耦的2T1R并联机构,并对这两种机构进行了方位特征、自由度及耦合度等主要拓扑性能分析;提出基于拓扑特征的运动学建模与求解方法,并据此求解了两种机构的解析式位置正解;基于导出的位置反解,分析了两种机构工作空间、奇异位形、动平台的速度与加速度变化规律。最后比较了两种机构的运动性能,选择了优选机型。为优选机型的动力学分析与样机研制提供了理论基础。     

Comparison of effects of dietary‐specific fatty acids on growth and lipid metabolism in Nile tilapia

The dominant fatty acids (FAs) in oils are often used to explain different nutritional effects of dietary oils in fish. However, the amounts of dominant FAs among oils are different, and the nutritional roles of these important FAs in fish have not been precisely compared at similar levels in feeding trials. In the present study, different amounts of palmitic acid were added to safflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO) and fish oil (FO) to obtain comparable amounts (about 550 g/kg of total FAs) of 18:2n‐6, 18:1n‐9 and 20:5n‐3 + 22:6n‐3 and subsequently fed to Nile tilapia (11.1 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed similar growth among groups but FO group obtained lower fat deposition, serum ALT and AST activities, compared to OO. Lipogenesis‐related gene expressions were higher in OO group than FO group in liver, muscle and adipose tissue, but there were only few differences in these genes between SO and FO groups. Lipid catabolism genes in FO group were higher than OO and SO groups in adipose tissue, but not in muscle, and the significantly higher expressions of CPT1b and PPARα were only observed in liver. Overall, dietary 18:2n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 were beneficial to normal growth and lipid metabolism, whereas high amount of 18:1n‐9 induced lipid deposition and liver damage in Nile tilapia.     

串番茄新品种红星302 的选育

红星302 是以抗病、耐低温弱光材料01-61 为母本，以01-23 为父本育成的串番茄一代杂种，无限生长类型，果实串收，果色亮红，果实椭圆形，酸甜适口，品质佳，VC 含量为364 mg · kg^-1，可滴定酸0.44%，可溶性糖4.25%，平均单果质量30.79 g，硬度为11.40×10⁵ Pa。单株结果数约为53个，产量4 900 kg ·（ 667 m²）^-1 左右，高抗蕨叶病毒病、青枯病，适宜河北地区冬季日光温室和早春保护地栽培。     

Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus-resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV-2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro-grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) in field-grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.     

甜樱桃花芽不同发育时期内参基因的筛选与验证

为了筛选甜樱桃花芽不同发育时期均稳定表达的内参基因,以甜樱桃桑提娜和黔樱一号不同发育时期花芽为材料,通过qRT-PCR技术检测28S rRNA、EF1-a1、EF1-a2、UBC、RPL13、18S rRNA、RSP3、CYP40、ACT2和α-TUB3等10个常用看家基因的表达水平,并利用GeNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper综合评价其表达稳定性。结果表明,EF-1a2和RSP3在所有样品中稳定性最好。分别以EF-1a2、RSP3及EF-1a2+RSP3作为内参基因检测不同发育时期花芽生长素运输载体AUX1基因及生长素响应因子ARF基因的表达模式,该2个基因在不同内参基因标定下表达模式相同。表明EF-1a2、RSP3及EF-1a2+RSP3可作为甜樱桃花芽不同发育时期的内参基因。     

生态系统服务权衡最新研究进展

生态系统服务权衡研究对协调生态环境保护和社会经济发展至关重要。为推动生态系统服务管理和提升人类福祉,本文以Web of Science核心合集(WOS)和中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)为数据源,运用文献计量分析法,系统梳理和总结生态系统服务权衡研究的学科知识基础、科学领域结构和热点变化等发展现状以及最新研究进展。研究表明:1)不同研究层面上,生态系统服务间的权衡关系受外部风险和人类需求、参数选取和服务提供者及区域差异性和不均衡性的影响。2)研究方法主要有基于关系识别和具体表征的权衡分析、权衡模拟和预测的模型量化分析和生态系统服务权衡管理优化的多准则分析3类。3)生态系统服务权衡关键驱动因子为城市化、生态工程和气候变化。基于此,我们认为把握生态系统服务权衡不同研究层面的关联特征、创新和优化生态系统服务权衡研究方法、准确甄别生态系统服务权衡关键驱动因子以及充分整合多维生态系统服务权衡资源搭建数据共享平台是未来研究的重点。     

直立型扁蓿豆对干旱胁迫和复水的响应及适应策略

以直立型扁蓿豆[Medicago ruthenica（L.）Sojak.cv.Zhilixing]为材料，于苗期连续干旱处理12 d后复水4 d，研究直立型扁蓿豆幼苗形态结构特征、生理代谢及生物量分配对干旱胁迫及复水的响应，揭示直立型扁蓿豆对干旱胁迫及复水的适应策略。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫时间延长，直立型扁蓿豆叶片气孔开放率逐渐降低，处理9 d后气孔及表皮细胞密度比正常浇水处理（CK）分别增加48.5%和36.6%，形成小而密的表皮细胞和气孔。生理上，除MDA含量随胁迫时间的延长逐渐增加外，其余指标均先升高后降低，干旱胁迫9 d时达最高，SOD、POD、叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸分别较CK提高88.9%、111.2%、86.7%、140.5%、147.8%和124.6%。同时，生物量随胁迫时间的延长先增大后减小，于干旱胁迫9 d达最大值，比CK增加16.4%，总的分配格局表现出地上生物量投资高于地下，地下生物量投资比例随胁迫时间的延长逐渐增加，而地上生物量变化与其相反。复水后各指标均能恢复至CK水平或超过CK，表现出极强的复水敏感性和潜在恢复能力。该品种扁蓿豆对干旱胁迫及复水的适应主要分为3个时期：主动适应期，其生理参数的可塑性指数为形态参数的1.33倍，主要通过抗氧化及渗透调节来减少水分散失增加水分吸收、缓解氧化伤害以适应干旱逆境；被动适应期，其形态参数的可塑性指数为生理参数的1.31倍，主要采用牺牲生物量的生存策略以及降低色素含量减少光吸收的光保护机制来提高逆境下的生存能力；复水恢复期，根冠比、气孔开放率、气孔及表皮细胞密度比CK分别增加25.9%、29.7%、24.2%和16.3%，其较高的根冠比和叶片较高的气孔开放率及小而密的气孔及表皮细胞特征，保证了直立型扁蓿豆吸水能力以及水分运输效率的迅速恢复。综上，直立型扁蓿豆抗旱能力较强，能够通过形态生理的改变以及调整不同器官的生物量分配来应对与适应干旱逆境及复水，且在不同处理阶段采取不同的适应策略以达到生存目的。     

川麦42和川农16抗穗发芽QTL定位及聚合效应分析

【目的】小麦穗发芽严重影响小麦产量和品质,是全球小麦生产面临的重大问题之一。通过鉴定挖掘抗穗发芽QTL,聚合穗发芽抗性位点,选育抗穗发芽小麦品种,为四川小麦穗发芽抗性改良提供技术和材料支撑。【方法】以川麦42/川农16重组自交系（RIL,F₈）为材料,于2016—2018年分别在2个环境下对RIL群体进行籽粒发芽指数（GI,2016和2018）、籽粒发芽率（GR,2016和2018）和整穗发芽率（SGR,2017和2018）3个穗发芽指标测定。利用90K SNP芯片构建的遗传图谱检测全基因组穗发芽相关QTL,并分析抗性QTL聚合效应。【结果】双亲间GI、GR和SGR指标值差异显著,亲本川农16穗发芽抗性明显优于亲本川麦42。共检测到11个与穗发芽抗性有关的QTL,主要分布在2B、2D、3A、3D、4A、5A、5B和6B染色体上。5B染色体上检测到的单个环境表达的整穗发芽QTL解释的表型变异率最大,达到29%;在2D和3A染色体上检测到的整穗发芽主效QTL,以及5A染色体上检测到的与种子休眠相关的籽粒发芽主效QTL,在2个环境下均能表达,其抗穗发芽等位变异均来源于川农16。基因型分析发现,RIL群体中不同株系聚合抗性QTL的数量变幅为1—9个,表现为抗穗发芽的株系均携带4—9个与穗发芽相关的抗性QTL。重组自交系群体中6个株系GI、GR和SGR值均在15%以下,表现出高抗穗发芽特性;这6个优异株系聚合了多个与穗发芽相关的抗性QTL,且均聚合了川麦42在4A染色体上的微效QTL（QGi.saas-4A和QGr.saas-4A）,以及川农16在2D和5B染色体上的主效QTL（QSgr.saas-2D和QSgr.saas-5B）;编号为104和125的优异株系已通过审定,定名为川麦104和川麦64。其中,川麦104于2012年同时通过国家和四川省审定,其抗穗发芽能力强,产量、品质、抗病等优良性状突出,聚合了7个正向穗发芽QTL,包括2B、2D和5B染色体上来源于川农16的4个抗性QTL（QGi.saas-2B、QGr.saas-2B、QSgr.saas-2D和QSgr.saas-5B）,以及4A和6B染色体上来源于川麦42的3个QTL（QGi.saas-4A、QGr.saas-4A和QGr.saas-6B）;近年来,川麦104已成为西南麦区小麦育种的核心亲本,育成小麦品种（系）18个。【结论】共检测到11个抗穗发芽QTL,其中3个来源于川麦42,8个来源于川农16;RIL群体中的抗穗发芽株系均携带4—9个抗性QTL,优异株系川麦104和川麦64高抗穗发芽,均聚合了7个穗发芽抗性QTL。